Active volcanoes often host settlements in their vicinity, exposing populations to geohazards related to their activity, in particular during unrest phases, when the potential for eruption is higher. Mount Etna is one of the most active volcanoes worldwide, closely monitored by a sophisticated network, and surrounded by several villages and the city of Catania. While the frequent summit activity, characterized by lava fountains and ash-rich plumes, poses a significant hazard to civil aviation, ...